Atoms and molecules in intense laser fields: gauge invariance of theory and models
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چکیده
منابع مشابه
Atoms and Molecules in Intense Laser Fields: Gauge Invariance of Theory and Models
Gauge invariance was discovered in the development of classical electromagnetism and was required when the latter was formulated in terms of scalar and vector potentials. It is now considered to be a fundamental principle of nature, stating that different forms of these potentials yield the same physical description: they describe the same electromagnetic field as long as they are related to ea...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
سال: 2013
ISSN: 0953-4075,1361-6455
DOI: 10.1088/0953-4075/46/15/153001